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International Breastfeeding Journal Aug 2020Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for the first six months of age by the World Health Organization. Mothers' good knowledge and positive attitude play key... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for the first six months of age by the World Health Organization. Mothers' good knowledge and positive attitude play key roles in the process of exclusive breastfeeding practices. In this study, we report on a systematic review of the literature that aimed to examine the status of mothers' knowledge, attitude, and practices related to exclusive breastfeeding in East Africa, so as to provide clues on what can be done to improve exclusive breastfeeding.
METHODS
A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was performed. The search for literature was conducted utilizing six electronic databases, Pub med, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, Science Direct, and Cochrane library, for studies published in English from January 2000 to June 2019 and conducted in East Africa. Studies focused on mothers' knowledge, attitudes, or practices related to exclusive breastfeeding. All papers were reviewed using a predesigned data extraction form.
RESULTS
Sixteen studies were included in the review. This review indicates that almost 96.2% of mothers had ever heard about EBF, 84.4% were aware of EBF, and 49.2% knew that the duration of EBF was the first six months only. In addition, 42.1% of mothers disagreed and 24.0% strongly disagreed that giving breast milk for a newborn immediately and within an hour is important, and 47.9% disagreed that discarding the colostrum is important. However, 42.0% of mothers preferred to feed their babies for the first six months breast milk alone. In contrast, 55.9% of them had practiced exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months.
CONCLUSIONS
Exclusively breastfeeding among our sample is suboptimal, compared to the current WHO recommendations. Thus, it is important to provide antenatal and early postpartum education and periodical breastfeeding counseling, to improve maternal attitudes and knowledge toward breastfeeding practices.
Topics: Adult; Africa, Eastern; Breast Feeding; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mothers; Pregnancy; Young Adult
PubMed: 32795377
DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00313-9 -
Biomolecules Nov 2021Breastfeeding-or lactation-is a unique and defining reproductive trait of mammals that nourishes offspring by supplying nutrient-rich breast milk [...].
Breastfeeding-or lactation-is a unique and defining reproductive trait of mammals that nourishes offspring by supplying nutrient-rich breast milk [...].
Topics: Biological Factors; Breast Feeding; Child Development; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System; Infant; Milk, Human
PubMed: 34944387
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121743 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2017To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding.
METHOD
This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother-child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors.
RESULTS
Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR=1.67; p<0.001), among younger subjects (OR=1.89; p<0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR=1.25; p=0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR=2.14; p=0.032).
CONCLUSIONS
Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 28034730
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.08.005 -
American Family Physician Apr 2000The family physician can significantly influence a mother's decision to breast-feed. Prenatal support, hospital management and subsequent pediatric and maternal visits... (Review)
Review
The family physician can significantly influence a mother's decision to breast-feed. Prenatal support, hospital management and subsequent pediatric and maternal visits are all-important components of breast-feeding promotion. Prenatal encouragement increases breast-feeding rates and identifies potential problem areas. Hospital practices should focus on rooming-in, early and frequent breast-feeding, skilled support and avoidance of artificial nipples, pacifiers and formula. Infant follow-up should be two to four days postdischarge, with liberal use of referral and support groups, including lactation consultants and peer counselors.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Prenatal Care; Risk; Teaching Materials
PubMed: 10779251
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Oct 2015Mothers who receive or qualify for the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program or have lower income are less likely to start and continue breastfeeding than their... (Review)
Review
Mothers who receive or qualify for the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program or have lower income are less likely to start and continue breastfeeding than their more advantaged counterparts. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires employers to provide break time and space to express breast milk and requires insurance companies to cover breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling at no cost to mothers. This ACA benefit does not extend to all Medicaid recipients or women in the WIC program. Legislative and regulatory efforts are needed to provide comprehensive coverage for all women and reduce disparities in breastfeeding.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Medicaid; Mothers; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Socioeconomic Factors; United States
PubMed: 26318941
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.002 -
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive... Sep 2019Breast-feeding rates and durations have been increasing among U.S. women in recent decades. As a result, women may be more likely to practice breast-feeding during...
CONTEXT
Breast-feeding rates and durations have been increasing among U.S. women in recent decades. As a result, women may be more likely to practice breast-feeding during pregnancy (BDP), which has been hypothesized to increase the risk of miscarriage, yet there has been little research into the issue.
METHODS
Data on 10,661 pregnancies from several waves of the National Survey of Family Growth, covering the years 2002-2015, were used to calculate unadjusted miscarriage rates according to BDP status. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to investigate the association between BDP and the risk of miscarriage.
RESULTS
BDP was practiced for 6% of the total time at risk of miscarriage. The miscarriage rate was higher when mothers exclusively breast-fed during pregnancy (35%) than when they practiced either complementary BDP (i.e., the child also consumed other food) or did not breast-feed (14% and 15%, respectively). After adjustment for maternal and pregnancy characteristics, the risk of miscarriage was greater when mothers exclusively breast-fed than when mothers did not breast-feed (hazard ratio, 3.9), but no increased risk was found with complementary BDP. The miscarriage risk during exclusive BDP was similar to that for women who conceived when they were 40 or older (3.2).
CONCLUSIONS
Exclusive BDP is associated with an elevated risk of miscarriage, but it remains unclear whether and how the practice is associated with health outcomes for the mother and breast-fed child. Research is needed to further explore these outcomes to inform recommendations regarding BDP.
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mothers; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 31524957
DOI: 10.1363/psrh.12120 -
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology... Aug 2017Breast-feeding may protect against infections, but its optimal duration remains controversial. We aimed to study the association of the duration of full and any...
OBJECTIVES
Breast-feeding may protect against infections, but its optimal duration remains controversial. We aimed to study the association of the duration of full and any breast-feeding with infections the first 18 months of life.
METHODS
The Norwegian Mother and Child study (MoBa) is a prospective birth cohort which recruited expecting mothers giving birth from 2000 to 2009. We analyzed data from the full cohort (n = 70,511) and sibling sets (n = 21,220) with parental report of breast-feeding and infections. The main outcome measures were the relative risks (RRs) for hospitalization for infections from 0 to 18 months by age at introduction of complementary foods and duration of any breast-feeding.
RESULTS
Although we found some evidence for an overall association between longer duration of full breast-feeding and lower risk of hospitalizations for infections, 7.3% of breast-fed children who received complementary foods at 4 to 6 months of age compared to 7.7% of those receiving complementary foods after 6 months were hospitalized (adjusted RR 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.88-1.03). Higher risk of hospitalization was observed in those breast-fed 6 months or less (10.0%) compared to ≥12 months (7.6%, adjusted RR 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.31), but with similar risks for 6 to 11 months versus ≥12 months. Matched sibling analyses, minimizing the confounding from shared maternal factors, showed nonsignificant associations and were generally weaker compared with the cohort analyses.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the recommendation to fully breast-feed for 4 months and to continue breast-feeding beyond 6 months, and suggest that protection against infections is limited to the first 12 months.
Topics: Age Factors; Breast Feeding; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastroenteritis; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Male; Norway; Otitis Media; Prospective Studies; Protective Factors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Siblings; Time Factors
PubMed: 28737571
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001539 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Aug 1987Historically, women taking antithyroid drugs generally have not been permitted to breast-feed. However, recent studies suggest that infants exposed to the small amounts... (Review)
Review
Historically, women taking antithyroid drugs generally have not been permitted to breast-feed. However, recent studies suggest that infants exposed to the small amounts of antithyroid drugs in breast milk experience no change in thyroid function. Propylthiouracil is the drug of choice in this situation, since it does not cross membranes readily, and milk concentrations are therefore quite low. However, methimazole in low dosages might be used if the infant's thyroid status was monitored at frequent intervals.
Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders
PubMed: 2441601
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80140-0 -
The Virtual Mentor : VM Sep 2013
Topics: Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Breast Milk Expression; Female; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Infant; Mother-Child Relations
PubMed: 24021110
DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.mhst1-1309 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2016Preterm infants start milk feeds by gavage tube. As they mature, sucking feeds are gradually introduced. Women who choose to breast feed their preterm infant are not... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Preterm infants start milk feeds by gavage tube. As they mature, sucking feeds are gradually introduced. Women who choose to breast feed their preterm infant are not always able to be in hospital with their baby and need an alternative approach to feeding. Most commonly, milk (expressed breast milk or formula) is given by bottle. Whether using bottles during establishment of breast feeds is detrimental to breast feeding success is a topic of ongoing debate.
OBJECTIVES
To identify the effects of avoidance of bottle feeds during establishment of breast feeding on the likelihood of successful breast feeding, and to assess the safety of alternatives to bottle feeds.
SEARCH METHODS
We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 2), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to July 2016), Embase (1980 to July 2016) and CINAHL (1982 to July 2016). We also searched databases of clinical trials and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing avoidance of bottles with use of bottles in women who have chosen to breast feed their preterm infant.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. When appropriate, we contacted study authors for additional information. Review authors used standard methods of The Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group.
MAIN RESULTS
We included seven trials with 1152 preterm infants. Five studies used a cup feeding strategy, one used a tube feeding strategy and one used a novel teat when supplements to breast feeds were needed. We included the novel teat study in this review, as the teat was designed to more closely mimic the sucking action of breast feeding. The trials were of small to moderate size, and two had high risk of attrition bias. Adherence with cup feeding was poor in one of the studies, indicating dissatisfaction with this method by staff and/or parents; the remaining four cup feeding studies provided no such reports of dissatisfaction or low adherence. Meta-analyses provided evidence of low to moderate quality indicating that avoiding bottles increases the extent of breast feeding on discharge home (full breast feeding typical risk ratio (RR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.80; any breast feeding RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.16). Limited available evidence for three months and six months post discharge shows that avoiding bottles increases the occurrence of full breast feeding and any breast feeding at discharge and at six months post discharge, and of full (but not any) breast feeding at three months post discharge. This effect was evident at all time points for the tube alone strategy and for all except any breast feeding at three months post discharge for cup feeding. Investigators reported no clear benefit when the novel teat was used. No other benefits or harms were evident, including, in contrast to the previous (2008) review, length of hospital stay.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Evidence of low to moderate quality suggests that supplementing breast feeds by cup increases the extent and duration of breast feeding. Current insufficient evidence provides no basis for recommendations for a tube alone approach to supplementing breast feeds.
Topics: Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Humans; Infant Formula; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Length of Stay; Milk, Human; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sucking Behavior
PubMed: 27756113
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005252.pub4